Oral health status of prisoners has been an area of concern worldwide. The prison population is unique in nature because of the complexities of their psychological, social and behavioral aspects. Limited oral healthcare facilities in prison settings have resulted in neglect of oral health among prisoners.

The present study aims to assess oral mucosal lesions among prisoners in Central Prison, Chennai.

A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted in Central Prison, Puzhal, Chennai. The study population consisted of 1060 prisoners from three divisions of the Central Prison. Oral mucosal lesions among the prisoners were assessed by a single investigator according to World Health Organization (WHO) specifications.

The present study shows that among the study subjects, 37.7% of males and 17.1% of females developed oral mucosal lesions. The prevalence of smokers melanosis was 27.6% among males and 8.6% among females. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was found to be highest in study subjects of 55 years and above.

A large proportion of the study subjects had oral mucosal lesions. Oral mucosal lesions like oral submucosis fibrosis, smokers palate and smokers melanosis was found to be common among males than females. Oral healthcare facilities should be incorporated in prison settings which would intercept the progress of oral mucosal lesions.

George B, Johny MK, Mathew TA. Oral Mucosal Lesions among Prisoners in Central Prison, Chennai, India. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2):77-79.

For over a decade of introducing the anterior middle superior alveolar (AMSA) injection, it has since majorly only been reported to show both pulpal and buccal mucosal effectiveness using a minimum of 0.9 ml of anesthetic solution.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the AMSA nerve block efficacy using a reduced dosage and conventional syringe, while comparing the anesthetic effectiveness of lidocaine vs mepivacaine. A primary objective was to understand the behavioral difference between the two solutions, to better adapt their application into relevant clinical scenarios, where fewer injections are administered, pain control is better understood and implemented, and collateral anesthesia altering the natural lip line is eliminated.

Twelve candidates (both sexes), of ages 18 to 24, were selected. All the participants received bilateral AMSA nerve block (split-mouth technique) using the conventional syringe, where 0.6 ml of lidocaine and mepivacaine 2% with epinephrine 1:100,000 were randomly administered to each side.

Pulpal anesthesia on both premolar teeth showed 83.3% success within 15 minutes with lidocaine group (LG) and mepivacaine group (MG) alike. Buccal anesthesia at both premolar teeth showed 50% success within 15 minutes with LG and 54.2% with MG. There was no difference in anesthetic effectiveness between the two groups in pulpal anesthesia (p ≥0.05), and no significant difference in buccal mucosal anesthesia (p ≥0.05).

No statistically significant difference was observed between lidocaine and mepivacaine, while both expressed anesthetic effectiveness using a reduced dosage, as well as near painlessness using the conventional syringe.

Tattan M, Kokovic V. Anterior Middle Superior Alveolar Nerve Block Efficacy Utilizing different Anesthetic Solutions, Reduced Dosage and Conventional Syringe: A Breakthrough in Pain Control. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2):80-86.

The aim of this pilot study is to evaluate to value of primary implant stability for two-piece zirconia implants and longitudinally stability changes of implants during the healing period of 16 weeks.

Ten patients treated with 12 two-piece non metallic zirconia dioxide root shape implant (4/10 mm, Axis Biodental, Les Bios, Switzerland) for single tooth replacement in the upper premolar area. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was used for assessment of longitudinally changes of implant stability during 16-weeks observing period. All patients have been re-evaluated 1 year after loading.

Mean implant stability quotient (ISQ) value of initial implant stability for 12 implants was 60.25 (3.72). Statistically, significant decrease was noted in the first 3 weeks after insertion (p = 0.000). Also, statistically significant increasing of implant stability was recorded for observing period for 6th to 16th week.

Increasing of ISQ value during observing period suggests loading of two-piece zirconia dioxide root shape implant for single tooth replacement in the upper premolar area, after healing period of 4 months.

Kokovic V, Rahman MM, Rahman B, Tattan M. Assessment of Implant Stability of Two-piece Zirconium Dioxide Implants using the Resonance Frequency Analysis: A Pilot Study. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2):87-94.

To determine if boxes or grooves were effective in enhancing the retention of full veneer crowns.

Ten full veneer crown preparations were machined out of brass with 10 different configurations. They consisted of a plain short preparation, a plain long preparation and preparations with 1 to 4 boxes or 1 to 4 grooves. Ten gold castings were fabricated for each preparation and the cemented. An Instron* was used to remove the castings with the force required recorded in Newtons.

Statistical differences were found in retention between various configurations with boxes being universally more retentive than grooves or the plain crowns.

All the box configurations significantly enhanced retention. Therefore, one box alone would provide the enhanced retention needed for a full veneer crown without the need to create additional retention features.

Weed RM. A Comparison of Methods for Increasing Retention of Complete Veneer Crowns. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2):95-98.

Evaluate the esthetic attractiveness of the Petit type facial masks of different colors among youngsters from public and private schools.

Eight orthopedic facial masks of the Petit type, in different colors were evaluated. Images were obtained of the same patient, and were standardized with a program for changing images (Adobe Photoshop software from CS). The following colors were inserted in the masks: white, gray, green, yellow, blue, pink, orange and black. After acquisition, the images were printed on photographic paper and incorporated into a specific and personalized questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed among children of both genders, in the age ranges from 7 to 8, and 9 to 10 years, at public and private schools (n = 200). For the scores attributed to each image, the Mann-Whitney test was used, and among groups, Spearman's correlation. The level of significance adopted was 5%.

Only the scores attributed to the color brown presented significant difference between the schoolchildren from public and private schools. In a comparison between genders, the boys awarded better scores to the colors gray, blue and black, whereas the girls awarded better scores to the color pink. When comparing the age ranges examined there were no statistical differences.

The color of the Petit type of facial mask has an influence on the esthetic attractiveness to children from 7 to 10 years, and preference for certain colors is also influenced by gender and the type of school (public or private).

Pithon MM, Costa MSC, Coqueiro R, Couto F, Saini R. Influence of Color on Attractiveness of Petit Facial Mask. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2):99-103.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of three denture base materials to support fungal biofilm formation.

Specimens of two ‘flexible’ nylon type materials and one traditional heat processed, methyl methacrylate resin material were studied (both polished and unpolished surfaces). The specimens were coated with saliva and evaluated for fungal (Candida albicans) biofilm formation. The fungal biofilm mass formed on denture substrates were evaluated by dry weight analysis and by determining the number of viable fungal cells in the biofilm by MTT viability assay. Alteration in fungal metabolic function following the treatment of the biofilm C. albicans with nystatin and fluconazole was determined by XTT assay.

In general, the unpolished surfaces of the denture disks favored the fungal biofilm, the most being on polyamide specimen, Valplast. Significantly, less biofilm was formed on Duraflex and Lucitone surfaces. Biofim on C. albicans was also found to be resistant to antifungal agents. As compared to freshly incubated (grown) planktonic cells, biofilm fungal cells required significantly higher concentrations of nystatin and fluconazole in order to obtain 50% reduction in metabolic activity.

This study demonstrated the differences in denture materials to support fungal biofilm formation, and also difference between polished and unpolished denture material surfaces. The results demonstrated that one of the polyamide materials (duraflex) had lesser potential to biofilm formation than the others.

Unfavorable tissue responses can ensue from the presence of fungal biofilms on dental prosthetics. Resistance to biofilm formation is a factor for dental materials in their selection and usage. This study helps to quantify, evaluate and compare biofilm formation on polished and unpolished surfaces of three commonly used denture base materials. The results of this study helped to identify materials, which may, therefore, be better indicated in clinical applications. Evaluations for the newer denture base materials, specific to these testing methods, appear to be novel in the scientific literature.

Jain V, Babu J, Ahuja S, Wicks R, Garcia-Godoy F. Comparison of Fungal Biofilm Formation on Three Contemporary Denture Base Materials. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2):104-108.

The aim of the study was to evaluate serumlevels of interleukin-1, beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α) at birth and compare the values in case of preterm birth and normal birth groups of mothers considering the mothers’ periodontal status.

Blood samples from 81 women (preterm birth, 41 women, and term birth, 40 women) were collected within half an hour of after delivery. Serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were measured. Periodontal status was characterized by bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD).

The frequency of BOP differed significantly between preterm and term groups; however, mean PD did not show a significant difference. Serum IL-1β levels were significantly higher in the preterm birth group. The levels TNF-α were slightly bigger in the term birth group, the difference was significant. The rank correlation showed a significant negative relationship between serum IL-1β and TNF-α level and birth weight and the length of pregnancy, and also between BOP frequency and the length of pregnancy.

Within the limitations of the study, it was found that IL-1β and TNF-α levels were higher when the delivery occurred preterm and the birth weight was smaller; however, a significant increase of cytokines in the serum in connection with maternal periodontal disease was not detected. Periodontics of mothers was not associated with preterm birth in the sample.

Radnai M, Novák T, Orvos H, Kovács M, Bóka B, Kele B, Gorzó I. Serum Cytokine Levels in Term and Preterm Deliveries Relating to the Periodontal Health of Mothers: A Pilot Study. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2):109-115.

This pilot study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sea salt-based oral rinse as adjunct with conventional oral hygiene measures in gingivitis patients in terms of clinical parameters.

A total 30 gingivitis patient between the ages of 18 and 55 years were enrolled in the study and divided under two categories. Clinical parameters were recorded prior to phase one therapy; and subjects were put on different oral hygiene regime with and without sea salt-based mouth rinse. At baseline and 3rd month subjects were evaluated.

The results of this study showed that there was significant decrease in clinical parameters from baseline to 3 months in both the groups (p < 0.01). The subjects under groups using sea salt-based mouthwash showed a highly significant reduction to all the parameters as compared to subjects under groups using a conventional toothbrushing only.

Thus, we can conclude that long-term regular use of sea salt-based product seems to be more beneficial.

Mani A, Mani S, Anarthe R. A Clinical Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Sea Salt Based Oral Rinse in Gingivitis Patients. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2):116-118.

To investigate periodontal status and the relationship between obesity and periodontal status in female patients who first visited the Traditional Medicine Institute, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam.

One hundred and three female patients aged 18 or older, including 45 obese subjects and 58 nonobese subjects were enrolled in a period of 5 months from February to June 2014. The information on sociodemographic characteristics and dental habits were collected by questionnaire. Periodontal status [plaque index (PI1), gingival index (GI), bleeding on prabing (BOP), pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL)] was examined and the anthropometric index was measured.

There was significantly higher prevalence of periodontitis (40.0%) in obese females than nonobese females (13.8%). The means values of periodontal parameters in obese females were significantly higher than those in nonobese females. Significantly, higher percentage of subjects who did not use dental flossing, or less regularly visited dental offices, or less regularly had their teeth scaled and polished was in the obese group than those in the nonobese group. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age [odds ratio (OR = 3.60)], routine of dental visit (OR = 3.75) and obesity (OR = 3.46) were significantly related to periodontitis.

Periodontal status in obese subjects was poorer than nonobese ones. Obesity, age and dental visit were associated with periodontitis in Vietnamese female patients.

Pham TAV, Nguyen XNT. Relationship between Obesity and Periodontal Status in Vietnamese Patients: A Pilot Study. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2): 119-123.

The volume and density of the bone surrounding an implant directly affect the implant stability during the healing period.

The aim of this study was to determine the correlations between resonance frequency analysis (RFA) readings and implant-tooth distances at the crestal and average apicalcrestal levels.

Nine patients received 22 implants. Periapical radiographs were taken at 6 weeks, and the implant-tooth mesial and distal crestal level distances were measured, along with the mesial and distal apical levels. The average mesial (AM) and average distal (AD) apical-crestal distances were calculated. In cases in which either the AM or the AD of the implant was below 4 mm, the specimens were placed in the AMD– group; when both the AM and the AD were greater than 4 mm, the specimens were placed in the AMD+ group. The lower values were used for both groups. Resonance frequency analysis measurements were taken in the mesiodistal direction at 6 weeks. The correlations between the mean RFAs and the means of the distances were examined using Spearman's or Pearson's correlation tests, depending on the distributions of the data.

The mean and SD of the AD group was 3.99 ± 3.19. The mean and SD of the AM group was 3.80 ± 2.67. The mean and SD of the AD– group was 2.72 ± 0.89. The mean and SD of the AD+ group was 6.34 ± 2.94. The mean and SD of the RFAs at 6 weeks was 77.82 ± 5.24, and for the AMD– and AMD+ groups, these measures were 78 ± 5.55 and 77.64 ± 5.36, respectively. None of the correlations between the RFAs and any of the distances were significant: AD (r = 0.114; Pearson's test, p < 0.05), AM (r = – 0.217; Spearman's test p < 0.05), AMD– (r = 0.248; Pearson's test, p < 0.05), and AMD+ (r = 0.3; Spearman's test, p < 0.05).

Within the limitations of this study, no correlations between the RFA readings and the implant-tooth distances were found at any level or distance.

Aljuboori MJ, Filho LCM, Al-Obaidi FS, Al-Wakeel HA, Al-Marzok MI. What is the Effect of Implant-tooth Distance on Resonance Frequency Analysis Measurements? Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2):124-129.

Ranna V, Sayed A. Management of Invasive Cervical Resorption Involving the Pulp by Surgical and Restorative Therapy. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2): 130-133.

Jain M, Singhal S, Goyal M, Sharma B. Pyogenic Granuloma in Eight-Year-Old Child Associated with Bone Loss and Displacement of Tooth Bud: A Unique Case. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2):134-136.

Chang YC, Jian-Hong YU, Tsai YY, Chien-Chih Y, Pan PW. Nonsurgical Correction of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion by Multibends Edgewise Archwire Technique in an Adult. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2): 137-142.

Giant salivary gland stones (more than 15 mm) considered to be rare and a few of well-documented studies report it. In this literature, we report an asymptomatic, 15 mm sialolith in a 47-year-old man with whole procedure of treatment.

A patient without symptom of Wharton's duct sialolith was detected and treated. Occlusal cross-sectional of mandibule film was used to guide of surgery, transoral approach was made to dissection of stone.

Fifteen millimeters yellow sialolith was obtained, antibiotic therapy done for 1 week was after surgery and 2-month follow-up was done.

Sialoliths are responsible for the obstruction of salivary secretion. More than 80 to 90% of sialoliths, occurs in the submandibular glandular parenchyma or its duct. There is man predilection in parotid or submandibular sialolith. Giant salivary gland stones (more than 15 mm) considered to be rare and a few of well-documented studies report it. Removal of sialolith with intraloral approach is treatment of choice in the anterior duct submandibular gland.

Begom JT, Azimi S, Rankohi ZE. Asymptomatic Large Sialolith of Wharton's Duct. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2):143-145.