Aim and objective: An outbreak can only be prevented if people have adequate knowledge regarding the disease, are aware of the possible risks, and alter their attitudes and behaviors accordingly. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitudes regarding coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), as well as the concerns and perceived mental healthcare needs, among dentistry students. Materials and methods: A questionnaire was completed by 4th- and 5th-year dental students. Part 1 included items regarding the students’ characteristics and concerns. Parts 2, 3, and 4 contained items regarding the students’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceived mental healthcare needs about COVID-19. Results: This study included 224 students. They indicated a moderate knowledge level (7.35 ± 1.26), positive attitude score (42.98 ± 2.96), and high perceived mental healthcare needs (3.31 ± 0.97). Most students were aware of the source (89.7%), transmission route (99.1%), and incubation period (98.21%). Further, 4th-year students were significantly more worried than 5th-year students that the pandemic would affect their medical skills. Conclusion: Our findings revealed deficiencies in knowledge regarding COVID-19 among dentistry students. Therefore, there is a need to increase knowledge about COVID-19 among studies. Moreover, universities and governments should search for new channels for students’ concerns and mental healthcare needs. Clinical significance: There is a need to increase knowledge about COVID-19 among studies through several means, including lessons, and universities and governments should search for new channels for students’ concerns and mental healthcare needs.

Background: Green tea or Camellia sinensis is regarded as a healthy drink as it contains polyphenols, especially catechins, which possess antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenic effects for healthy periodontium. Aim and objective: To examine the effectiveness of green tea (C. sinensis) mouth rinse on wound healing after gingivectomy. Materials and methods: Double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted among 36 participants with non-inflammatory gingival enlargement in the age group of 30–55 years who were randomly allocated with block randomization (18 participants in each group) for the study group (5% green tea mouth rinse) and the control group (0.12% of chlorhexidine mouth rinse). Wound healing was examined by plaque index, gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) before surgery and after the second and the fourth week of gingivectomy. Results: Significant difference in plaque score (p > 0.05) between two groups at the second and the fourth week after gingivectomy was not detected, whereas GI mean score showed a decline in both groups at the fourth week, indicating statistical difference between groups at the fourth week (p < 0.05) in which GI score of the control group is more decreased than the study group. Similarly, the mean BOP scores in both groups showed no statistical significance (p > 0.05) between the study and the control groups at the second and the fourth week. Conclusion: This study indicated that green tea mouthwash has comparable efficacy to chlorhexidine mouthwash on wound healing after gingivectomy. Clinical significance: Green tea mouthwash could be employed as a cost-effective, long-term used herbal mouthwash with antiplaque and anti-inflammatory properties and no obvious side effects as opposed to chlorhexidine mouthwash after surgical procedures.

Trigeminal ganglion (TG) is the main sensory ganglion of the orofacial regions associated with neuropathic pain. TG comprises pseudo-unipolar neurons with different morphologies and two types of glial cells, including Schwann cells and satellite glial cells (SGC). We designed this study to examine the effects of tooth extraction (as a cause of neuropathic pain) on the morphological and population change in SGC and neurons of the TG in aged and young adult animals. The results of our current study revealed that tooth extraction is not associated with quantitative changes in the number of SGC and leads to morphological changes in heterogeneous SGC of the ipsilateral side. The hypertrophic SGC was the most striking microscopic feature of the study. Additionally, quantitative changes in the pattern distribution and morphometry of neurons and the dynamic nature of the TG after tooth extraction particularly in aging was the other finding of our study.

The present study was done to evaluate the effect of evaporation on the film thickness of two commercially available die spacers on three different surfaces. Die spacers used were Nice Fit and Durolan. Both die spacers were applied on three different surfaces—glass slide, die stone slab without hardener, and die stone slab with hardener after the bottles were left open for 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours. The film thickness was measured with the help of SEM. Nice Fit die spacer showed an increase of 53, 139.5, 159.6, and 190.9% and Durolan showed an increase in 45.3, 142.6, 181.9, and 200% for 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours, respectively. Therefore, the number of coats must be reduced to achieve an ideal die spacer film thickness in the range of 25–40 μm. The thickness of die spacer on die stone slab without hardener was more compared to that on glass slide and on die stone slab coated with a hardener.

Aim and objective: To evaluate and compare the surface roughness of two polyvinylsiloxane impression materials following ultraviolet irradiation and chemical disinfection. Materials and methods: The surface roughness of two different polyvinylsiloxane impression materials (Elite HD+ and Aquasil) were evaluated following ultraviolet irradiation and chemical disinfection using a surface profilometer. Sixty specimens of each impression material were fabricated and divided into one control two experimental groups. The mean surface roughness values among the treatment groups were recorded and subjected to the statistical analysis. Results: Both the materials showed a statistically significant increase in the surface roughness values following ultraviolet irradiation and chemical disinfection. In general, the control groups presented the least surface roughness and the chemical groups presented the maximum surface roughness values. Conclusion: Ultraviolet irradiation sterilization of polyvinylsiloxane elastomeric impression materials resulted in a lower surface roughness and hence may be preferred over chemical disinfection.

Aim and objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the temperature changes in the pulp chamber that occur during the polymerization of bulk-fill, flowable bulk-fill, and dual-cure resin restorative materials influenced by various light-curing devices at different curing tip distances. Materials and methods: In the present in vitro study, dentin discs of 1 mm thick and Teflon molds with a cylindrical cavity of 2 mm diameter with lengths of 3, 4, and 5 mm were used to simulate tooth structure with a prepared occlusal cavity. Teflon molds were restored with 2 mm Spectrum (universal microhybrid composite Dentsply), Tetric N flow (Bulk Fill Ivoclar-Vivadent), and Cention N (self-curing resin based with light-curing option Ivoclar-Vivadent), respectively, the remaining difference in the length of the Teflon mold depicts the curing tip distance for the light-curing units. Process of photopolymerization was done with LEDition Ivoclar-Vivadent and 3M™ ESPE™ Elipar™ 2500 halogen curing unit at curing tip distances of 1, 2, and 3 mm, respectively. The thermal changes below the dentin discs were recorded on the K-type digital thermocouple (DT-302-1 HTC). These values obtained were tabulated and submitted to statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple post hoc procedures. Results: Significant differences were observed in the temperature rise among bulk-fill, flowable bulk-fill, and dual-cure resin (p < 0.05). Halogen curing unit exhibited significantly higher temperature rise than LEDition (p < 0.05). The smallest rise in temperature was observed in Spectrum composite with LEDition. Conclusion: The polymerization process and the amount of temperature rise are important in pulpal health. Even though there was a significant rise in temperature of the pulp, it had no significance in causing irreversible changes to the underlying tooth structures, which is attributed to improved properties of the materials.

Introduction: Benzene exposure from petrol vapor possesses a health risk to humans, particularly fuel station employees through the inward breath of the unstable portions of petrol during vehicles refueling. This may trigger an increase in nuclear abnormalities and lead to DNA impairment pieces of evidence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of karyorrhexis occurred in buccal mucosa epithelial cells among fuel station employees in Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, to explore the possible cytogenetic risk on occupational exposure to petrol derivatives. Materials and methods: A total of 15 fuel station employees and 15 control subjects within the age group of 20–55 years were initiated. Buccal smears were obtained from the oral cavity with cytobrush and smeared into slides. Afterward, these specimens were stained with Papanicolaou's method and then analyzed for nuclear abnormalities. Karyorrhexis incidence was recorded as per 1,000 cells counted using a light microscope and then statistically analyzed with an independent T-test (p < 0.05). Results: The result revealed that there were statistically significant higher frequencies (p < 0.05) of karyorrhexis incidence between the exposed employees compared to the controls. The result revealed that among the exposed employees compared to the controls there were statistically significant higher frequencies (p < 0.05) of karyorrhexis incidence. Conclusion: This research concluded that exposure to petrol derivatives such as benzene increases the karyorrhexis incidence of exfoliated buccal mucosa epithelial cells on fuel station employees in Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Clinical significance: This study indicates increased karyorrhexis incidence of exfoliated buccal mucosa epithelial cells caused by repeated exposure to benzene.

Background: Odontomas are common odontogenic tumors and generally appear as small, solitary, or multiple radiopaque lesions found on routine radiographic examinations. They are malformations of dental tissues and may interfere with the eruption of permanent tooth. This lesion occurs because of the developmental disturbances where dental components are laid down in a disorganized manner, due to the failure of normal morphodifferentiation. Case description: A 9-year-old boy reported to the Outpatient Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry with the chief complaint of missing lower anteriors. Orthopantomogram revealed congenitally missing both lower lateral incisors and multiple pearl-like radiopacities in the association of mesial root of primary mandibular right first molar. Extraction of carious primary first molar under local anesthesia followed by the removal of multiple pearl-like structures were sent for histopathological examination. Discussion: Odontomas are common odontogenic origin benign tumor. Clinically, odontoma may result in over-retention of deciduous teeth, non-eruption of permanent teeth, pain, expansion of the cortical bone, and displaced tooth. Prognosis is favorable and relapse is rare but in our case odontoma recurred but it did not hamper the eruption of permanent premolar. Conclusion: Early diagnosis prevents further complications and reduces psychological and financial burden.

Background: The application of finite element method (FEM) is tried to improve our understanding of the distribution of forces in the stomatognathic system. The object to be studied is simulated in computer software to simplify the complex analysis and this approach involves pre-processing, discretization, defining the boundary conditions, loading configuration, and the output is graphically produced from the final data extractions. Aim and objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the physical form changes of the maxillary central incisor, i.e., the stresses induced within the tooth, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone due to the normal occlusal force. Case description: Finite element program NISA II DISPLAY III was used for accurate modeling of the tooth-periodontium system, three-dimensionally. Abnormal stress levels may allow the clinician to estimate the tissue damage and implement therapeutic modalities at an appropriate stage. Conclusion: With the present improvization, computer models of various types can be used increasingly for future fundamental biomechanics research in dentistry. Clinical significance: Finite element method is scientific validation used for inspecting the mechanical aspects of biomaterials, tooth and also its supporting structural tissues, as in our study.

Aim and objective: Non-surgical re-endodontic treatment is a treatment of choice for failed root canal cases. Background: Improper and inadequate knowledge of the root canal system ends up in a poor prognosis of root canal system. Mandibular molars have been reported with wide numbers of morphologic variations. Case description: This article reports a case of failed root canal treatment of mandibular molar and its retreatment with successful outcomes after negotiating missed canals. Conclusion: Little attention to possible root canal variations not only improves the finesse of the endodontic quality but also maximizes the success.